The Crime Prevention Research Center found armed civilians stopped 225 of 615 active-shooter incidents from 2014 through 2025 (36.6 percent) versus the FBI's 16 of 408 (3.9 percent), rising to 52.9 percent where lawful carry was allowed and 56.3 percent in the last five years. President John Lott argued in National Review on October 23 that federal reports omitted cases and treated volunteers as security. The constitutional right to keep and bear arms does not rest on those percentages.