A federal judge dismissed with prejudice the Justice Department lawsuit over Montgomery County Bill 23-26E carry limits and denied a preliminary injunction, holding 34 U.S.C. Section 12601 did not apply because no officer enforcement or similar history was alleged and without deciding Second Amendment validity of the 100-yard rules near parks, schools, and houses of worship. Judge Theodore Chuang said Congress meant the statute for systemic police misconduct not general challenges to local laws. Separate Second Amendment group challenges continue while the Supreme Court considers certiorari in Novotny v. Moore over Maryland gun-free zones that could affect some county ordinances.