CPRC identified 615 active-shooter incidents from 2014 to 2025 and found armed citizens stopped 225, or 36.6 percent, compared with FBI counts of 408 incidents and 16 stops, or 3.9 percent. The rate was 42.5 percent in the latest five years and 56.3 percent outside gun-free zones, excluding 35 pre-shot stops. John Lott, former Justice Department research adviser, said a 2023 Kessler inquiry drew no FBI response and two ALERRT challenges among hundreds of cases, with errors left uncorrected.